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Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), also known as NR3A1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 1), is one of two main types of estrogen receptor, a nuclear receptor (mainly found as a chromatin-binding protein [5]) that is activated by the sex hormone estrogen. In humans, ERα is encoded by the gene ESR1 (EStrogen Receptor 1). [6] [7] [8]
Typically, the antibody used is the anti-Estrogen Receptor (ER) (SP1) Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody. Employing SP1 allows detection of estrogen receptor (ER) antigens in sections of the fixed tissue samples. In conjunction with light microscopy, approximate ER activity can be estimated using the level of staining of the cell's components.
There are two different forms of the estrogen receptor, usually referred to as α and β, each encoded by a separate gene (ESR1 and ESR2, respectively).Hormone-activated estrogen receptors form dimers, and, since the two forms are coexpressed in many cell types, the receptors may form ERα (αα) or ERβ (ββ) homodimers or ERαβ (αβ) heterodimers. [3]
Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα), also known as NR3B1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group B, member 1), is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the ESRRA (Estrogen Related Receptor Alpha) gene.
The ERRs are orphan nuclear receptors, meaning the identity of their endogenous ligand has yet to be unambiguously determined. They are named because of sequence homology with estrogen receptors, but do not appear to bind estrogens or other tested steroid hormones. There are three human estrogen related receptors: ERRα ; ERRβ ; ERRγ
Estrogen insensitivity syndrome (EIS), or estrogen resistance, is a form of congenital estrogen deficiency or hypoestrogenism [2] which is caused by a defective estrogen receptor (ER) – specifically, the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) – that results in an inability of estrogen to mediate its biological effects in the body. [3]
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), also known as estrogen receptor agonists/antagonists (ERAAs), [1] [2] are a class of drugs that act on estrogen receptors (ERs). [3] Compared to pure ER agonists – antagonists (e.g., full agonists and silent antagonists ), SERMs are more tissue-specific, allowing them to selectively inhibit or ...
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPARGC1A gene. [4] PPARGC1A is also known as human accelerated region 20 . It may, therefore, have played a key role in differentiating humans from apes. [5] PGC-1α is the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis.
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