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Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), also known as NR3A1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 1), is one of two main types of estrogen receptor, a nuclear receptor (mainly found as a chromatin-binding protein [5]) that is activated by the sex hormone estrogen. In humans, ERα is encoded by the gene ESR1 (EStrogen Receptor 1). [6] [7] [8]
There are two different forms of the estrogen receptor, usually referred to as α and β, each encoded by a separate gene (ESR1 and ESR2, respectively).Hormone-activated estrogen receptors form dimers, and, since the two forms are coexpressed in many cell types, the receptors may form ERα (αα) or ERβ (ββ) homodimers or ERαβ (αβ) heterodimers. [3]
Estrogen insensitivity syndrome (EIS), or estrogen resistance, is a form of congenital estrogen deficiency or hypoestrogenism [2] which is caused by a defective estrogen receptor (ER) – specifically, the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) – that results in an inability of estrogen to mediate its biological effects in the body. [3]
The ERRs are orphan nuclear receptors, meaning the identity of their endogenous ligand has yet to be unambiguously determined. They are named because of sequence homology with estrogen receptors, but do not appear to bind estrogens or other tested steroid hormones. There are three human estrogen related receptors: ERRα ; ERRβ ; ERRγ
2101 26379 Ensembl ENSG00000173153 ENSMUSG00000024955 UniProt P11474 O08580 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001282450 NM_001282451 NM_004451 NM_007953 RefSeq (protein) NP_001269379 NP_001269380 NP_004442 NP_031979 Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 64.31 – 64.32 Mb Chr 19: 6.89 – 6.9 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα), also known as NR3B1 (nuclear ...
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPARGC1A gene. [4] PPARGC1A is also known as human accelerated region 20 . It may, therefore, have played a key role in differentiating humans from apes. [5] PGC-1α is the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis.
13983 Ensembl ENSG00000140009 ENSMUSG00000021055 UniProt Q92731 O08537 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001040275 NM_001040276 NM_001214902 NM_001214903 NM_001271876 NM_001271877 NM_001291712 NM_001291723 NM_001437 NM_010157 NM_207707 RefSeq (protein) NP_001035365 NP_001201831 NP_001258805 NP_001258806 NP_001278641 NP_001278652 NP_001428 NP_034287 NP_997590 Location (UCSC) Chr 14: 64.08 – 64.34 Mb Chr 12: ...
[2] [4] Although 17α-estradiol is far weaker than 17β-estradiol as an agonist of the nuclear estrogen receptors, it has been found to bind to and activate the brain-expressed ER-X with a greater potency than that of 17β-estradiol, suggesting that it may be the predominant endogenous ligand for the receptor.