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  2. One gene–one enzyme hypothesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_gene–one_enzyme...

    However, the proposed connection between a single gene and a single protein enzyme outlived the protein theory of gene structure. In a 1948 paper, Norman Horowitz named the concept the "one gene–one enzyme hypothesis". [2] Although influential, the one gene–one enzyme hypothesis was not unchallenged.

  3. Lemon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon

    The lemon, like many other cultivated Citrus species, is a hybrid, in its case of the citron and the bitter orange. [5] [6] The lemon is a hybrid of the citron and the bitter orange. [6] Taxonomic illustration by Franz Eugen Köhler, 1897 . Lemons were most likely first grown in northeast India. [7] The origin of the word lemon may be Middle ...

  4. Amino acid synthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis

    Amino acid biosynthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the amino acids are produced. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesize all amino acids. For example, humans can synthesize 11 of the 20 standard amino acids ...

  5. Abiogenesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis

    Seven amino acids and eleven types of nucleobases formed in ice when ammonia and cyanide were left in a freezer for 25 years. [ 127 ] [ 128 ] S- triazines (alternative nucleobases), pyrimidines including cytosine and uracil, and adenine can be synthesized by subjecting a urea solution to freeze-thaw cycles under a reductive atmosphere, with ...

  6. Amino acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid

    The order in which the amino acids are added is read through the genetic code from an mRNA template, which is an RNA derived from one of the organism's genes. Twenty-two amino acids are naturally incorporated into polypeptides and are called proteinogenic or natural amino acids. [28] Of these, 20 are encoded by the universal genetic code.

  7. Introduction to genetics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_genetics

    The RNA copy made from a gene is then fed through a structure called a ribosome, which translates the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA into the correct sequence of amino acids and joins these amino acids together to make a complete protein chain. The new protein then folds up into its active form.

  8. Crick, Brenner et al. experiment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crick,_Brenner_et_al...

    The Crick, Brenner et al. experiment (1961) was a scientific experiment performed by Francis Crick, Sydney Brenner, Leslie Barnett and R.J. Watts-Tobin. It was a key experiment in the development of what is now known as molecular biology and led to a publication entitled "The General Nature of the Genetic Code for Proteins" and according to the historian of Science Horace Judson is "regarded ...

  9. History of genetic engineering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_genetic_engineering

    Genetic engineering has been used to produce proteins derived from humans and other sources in organisms that normally cannot synthesize these proteins. Human insulin-synthesising bacteria were developed in 1979 and were first used as a treatment in 1982. [58] In 1988 the first human antibodies were produced in plants. [59]