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Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD, cPTSD, or hyphenated C-PTSD) is a stress-related mental and behavioral disorder generally occurring in response to complex traumas [1] (i.e., commonly prolonged or repetitive exposures to a series of traumatic events, from which one sees little or no chance to escape).
Complex PTSD is a closely related disorder that refers to repeated trauma over months or years, rather than a one-time event. Any type of long-term trauma, can lead to CPTSD. The term CPTSD was originated by Judith Herman , [ 16 ] who outlines the history of trauma as a concept in the psychological world along with a three-stage approach for ...
Prevalence estimates of cancer‐related PTSD range between 7% and 14%, [87] with an additional 10% to 20% of patients experiencing subsyndromal post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). [ 88 ] [ 89 ] Both PTSD and PTSS have been associated with increased distress and impaired quality of life, [ 90 ] and have been reported in newly diagnosed ...
Omeprazole was first made in 1979 by Swedish AB Hässle, part of Astra AB. It was the first of the proton pump inhibitors (PPI). [62] [63] Astra AB, now AstraZeneca, launched it as an ulcer medicine under the name Losec in Sweden. It was first sold in the United States in 1989 under the brand name Losec.
Numerous questionnaires have been developed for clinical use and can be used for an objective scoring system. Symptoms may vary between each sub-type of generalized anxiety disorder. Generally, symptoms must be present for at least six months, occur more days than not, and significantly impair a person's ability to function in daily life.
Evidence-based, trauma-focused psychotherapy is the first-line treatment for PTSD. [8] [9] [6] Psychotherapy is defined as a treatment where a therapist and patient build a therapeutic relationship and focus on the patient's thoughts, attitudes, affect, behavior, and social development to lessen the patient's psychopathologies and functional impairment.
The range and occurrence of adverse effects are similar for all of the PPIs, though they have been reported more frequently with omeprazole. This may be due to its longer availability and, hence, clinical experience. [citation needed] Common adverse effects include headache, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue, and dizziness. [30]
More serious side effects may include suicidal thoughts in people up to the age of 24 years. [9] It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe. [10] Escitalopram is the (S)-enantiomer of citalopram (which exists as a racemate), hence the name es-citalopram. [9] Escitalopram was approved for medical use in the United States in ...