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Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu) verbs conjugate according to mood, tense, person, number, and gender.Hindustani inflection is markedly simpler in comparison to Sanskrit, from which Hindustani has inherited its verbal conjugation system (through Prakrit).
English is an example of a language with no general imperfective. The English progressive is used to describe ongoing events, but can still be used in past tense, such as "The rain was beating down". Habitual situations do not have their own verb form (in most dialects), but the construction "used to" conveys past habitual action, as in I used ...
Hindustani, the lingua franca of Northern India and Pakistan, has two standardised registers: Hindi and Urdu.Grammatical differences between the two standards are minor but each uses its own script: Hindi uses Devanagari while Urdu uses an extended form of the Perso-Arabic script, typically in the Nastaʿlīq style.
In the Hindi फ़ोन उठा-कर कहा fon uṭhā-kar kahā (literally, phone pick-up say (PAST)), "picked up the phone and said", only the second verb is marked as past tense, but both are understood to refer to the past. In the following example, from the West African Ewe, both verbs appear in their perfective form:
The use of certain aspects and/or tenses in the verb. The Indo-Iranian family, for example, shows a split between the perfective and the imperfective aspect . In Hindustani ( Hindi - Urdu ), a transitive verb in the perfective aspect causes its arguments to be marked by an ergative pattern, and the imperfective aspects trigger accusative marking.
li-yaf‘al-hu to-do. JUS. 3SG. MASC -it li-yaf‘al-hu to-do.JUS.3SG.MASC-it 'Have him do it.' A further use of this mood is in negative commands. لا تأخذ ذلك اللحم lā not ta’xudh take. JUS. 2SG. MASC dhālika that l-laḥm the-meat lā ta’xudh dhālika l-laḥm not take.JUS.2SG.MASC that the-meat 'Don't take that meat.' The jussive form is also used in past tense sentences ...
The present tense and the past tense infinitives are respectively used to form the present and the past tense of the presumptive mood. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In Hindi , the presumptive mood conjugations of the verb honā (to be) are used with the perfective, habitual, and progressive aspectual participles to form the perfective presumptive, habitual ...
Examples which combine both types of tense marking include the French passé composé, which has an auxiliary verb together with the inflected past participle form of the main verb; and the Irish past tense, where the proclitic do (in various surface forms) appears in conjunction with the affixed or ablaut-modified past tense form of the main verb.