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Senghor claimed that "Africa’s social background of tribal community life not only makes socialism natural to Africa but excludes the validity of the theory of class struggle," thus making African socialism, in all of its variations, different from Marxism and European socialist theory. [4]
While embracing much of Marxist–Leninist philosophy and Soviet political structures at the time, the ideology differed in some key respects. First, while Marxism–Leninism saw revolution as the only way to replace class structures with a socialist egalitarian system, Nkrumah saw reform as the more appropriate case for Africa.
Today, Marxism–Leninism is the ideology of several parties around the world and remains the official ideology of the ruling parties of China, Cuba, Laos and Vietnam. [37] At the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Nikita Khrushchev made several ideological ruptures with his predecessor, Joseph Stalin.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 3 January 2025. Economic and sociopolitical worldview For the political ideology commonly associated with states governed by communist parties, see Marxism–Leninism. Karl Marx, after whom Marxism is named Part of a series on Marxism Theoretical works Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 The ...
Marcello Musto (born 14 April 1976) is a professor of sociology, and the founding director of the Laboratory for Alternative Theories, at York University in Canada. He is acknowledged globally as one of the authors who has made significant contributions to the revival of Marx studies over the last decade, [1] and his research interests also include Socialist thought, the history of labour ...
Whilst these theorists come from a broad range of traditions, included but not limited to the Black Radical Tradition, Eco-socialism, Maoism, Neo-Marxism, post-Marxism and Autonomist/Open Marxism, what they all tend to have in common is a critique of past socialist experiments, and a re-orientation of the revolutionary subject. [44]
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Still living French 1935– Bordigism, Anarcho-primitivism (later on), Communization (later on) Cornelius Castoriadis [7] Constantinople, Ottoman Empire: Paris, France: Greek and French 1922–1997 Western Marxism, Post-Marxism, Psychoanalytic Marxism, Libertarian socialism: Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya [8] Calcutta, British Raj: Calcutta, India ...