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In adults, Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae together cause 80% of bacterial meningitis cases. Risk of infection with Listeria monocytogenes is increased in people over 50 years old. [3] [8] The introduction of pneumococcal vaccine has lowered rates of pneumococcal meningitis in both children and adults. [28]
Neisseria flavescens was first isolated from cerebrospinal fluid in the midst of an epidemic meningitis outbreak in Chicago. [2] These gram-negative , aerobic bacteria reside in the mucosal membranes of the upper respiratory tract, functioning as commensals . [ 3 ]
While the disease can occur in both children and adults, it is more common in children. [1] Rates of infection tend to reach a peak in the summer and fall. [29] During an outbreak in Romania and in Spain viral meningitis was more common among adults. [30] While, people aged younger than 15 made up 33.8% of cases. [30]
Some of the possible symptoms of chronic meningitis (due to any cause) include headache, nausea and vomiting, fever, and visual impairment. Nuchal rigidity (or neck stiffness with discomfort in trying to move the neck), a classic symptom in acute meningitis, was seen in only 45% of cases of chronic meningitis with the sign being even more rare in non-infectious causes.
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) is "a viral infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord and of the cerebrospinal fluid". [3] The name is based on the tendency of an individual to have abnormally high levels of lymphocytes during infection.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid found within the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord of all vertebrates. CSF is produced by specialised ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain, and absorbed in the arachnoid granulations. In humans, there is about 125 mL of CSF at any one time ...
Lymphocytic pleocytosis is an abnormal increase in the amount of lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is usually considered to be a sign of infection or inflammation within the nervous system , and is encountered in a number of neurological diseases , such as pseudomigraine, Susac's syndrome, and encephalitis.
Adults with encephalitis present with acute onset of fever, headache, confusion, and sometimes seizures. Younger children or infants may present with irritability, poor appetite and fever. [ 7 ] Neurological examinations usually reveal a drowsy or confused person.