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A hydrogel is a biphasic material, a mixture of porous and permeable solids and at least 10% of water or other interstitial fluid. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The solid phase is a water insoluble three dimensional network of polymers , having absorbed a large amount of water or biological fluids.
[3] [1] [6] [10] Gel characteristics include stability, thermodynamic activity, and occlusive properties. [3] [1] [10] Following penetration through the skin barrier, the drug may permeate through deeper skin tissues and reach the blood capillaries in the dermis. [6] [9] It may then proceed to enter the systemic circulation for systemic effect ...
Castor oil and its derivatives are found in many cosmetics as it is "non-comedogenic" (does not exacerbate or contribute to acne). [3]Cerebrosides (cells from the nervous systems of cattle or swine) were once used in some high-end skin-care products to increase moisture retention and to create a smooth skin surface, [4] however the BSE controversy has put an end to this practice.
Certain professional and theatrical lighting equipment use color gels to change the beam color. Historically, these were made with gelatin, hence the term, color gel. Some animal glues such as hide glue may be unrefined gelatin. It is used to hold silver halide crystals in an emulsion in virtually all photographic films and photographic papers ...
Kojic acid may be used on cut fruits to prevent oxidative browning, in seafood to preserve pink and red colors, and in cosmetics to lighten skin. As an example of the latter, it is used to treat skin diseases like melasma. [7] Kojic acid also has antibacterial and antifungal properties. [citation needed]
Hydrogel dressings should promote an appropriate microenvironment for angiogenesis, recruitment of fibroblasts, and cellular proliferation. [2] [4] Hydrogels respond elastically to applied stress; gels made from materials like collagen exhibit high toughness and low sliding friction, reducing damage from mechanical stress.
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It works by killing acne bacteria that infect skin pores. It also decreases the production of keratin, which is a natural substance that promotes the growth [clarification needed] of acne bacteria. [14] Azelaic acid is also used as a topical gel treatment for rosacea, due to its ability to reduce inflammation. [13]