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Mydriasis is the dilation of the pupil, usually having a non-physiological cause, [3] or sometimes a physiological pupillary response. [4] Non-physiological causes of mydriasis include disease, trauma, or the use of certain types of drug. It may also be of unknown cause.
A human adult exhibiting voluntary control over his iris muscles, where he can cause his pupil to dilate and constrict on command. A dilation response , is the widening of the pupil and may be caused by adrenaline; anticholinergic agents; stimulant drugs such as MDMA, cocaine, and amphetamines; and some hallucinogenics (e.g. LSD). [2]
The chemical structure of heroin. Heroin is an opioid with a rapid onset of action after intravenously administration. Once being injected, it binds to the Mu receptors in the central nervous system within 15–20 seconds. [15] Users feel a sense of euphoria shortly after application, making it a highly addictive drug. [16]
The main side effects heroin causes on appearance according to New Health Advisor are: Weight loss due to loss of appetite, or because a heroin abuser may not prioritize eating.
Nerves involved in the resizing of the pupil connect to the pretectal nucleus of the high midbrain, bypassing the lateral geniculate nucleus and the primary visual cortex. From the pretectal nucleus neurons send axons to neurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus whose visceromotor axons run along both the left and right oculomotor nerves .
An opioid overdose is toxicity due to excessive consumption of opioids, such as morphine, codeine, heroin, fentanyl, tramadol, and methadone. [3] [5] This preventable pathology can be fatal if it leads to respiratory depression, a lethal condition that can cause hypoxia from slow and shallow breathing. [3]
Like methadone, Suboxone blocks both the effects of heroin withdrawal and an addict’s craving and, if used properly, does it without causing intoxication. Unlike methadone, it can be prescribed by a certified family physician and taken at home, meaning a recovering addict can lead a normal life, without a daily early-morning commute to a clinic.
When symptoms increase periodically during protracted withdrawal, physiological changes may be present, including dilated pupils as well as an increase in blood pressure and heart rate. [9] The change in symptoms has been proposed to be due to changes in receptor sensitivity for GABA during the process of tolerance reversal. [ 25 ]