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Deamination is the removal of an amino group from a molecule. [1] Enzymes that catalyse this reaction are called deaminases. In the human body, deamination takes place primarily in the liver; however, it can also occur in the kidney. In situations of excess protein intake, deamination is used to break down amino acids for energy.
In enzymology, a cytosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction cytosine + H 2 O ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } uracil + NH 3 Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are cytosine [ 1 ] and H 2 O , whereas its two products are uracil and NH 3 .
Cytosine likely formed within some meteorite parent bodies, however did not persist within these bodies due to an effective deamination reaction into uracil. [ 10 ] In October 2021, Cytosine was announced as having been found in meteorites by researchers in a joint Japan/NASA project, that used novel methods of detection which avoided damaging ...
The first reaction is the simplest of the syntheses, by adding water to cytosine to produce uracil and ammonia: [2] C 4 H 5 N 3 O + H 2 O → C 4 H 4 N 2 O 2 + NH 3. The most common way to synthesize uracil is by the condensation of malic acid with urea in fuming sulfuric acid: [5] C 4 H 4 O 4 + NH 2 CONH 2 → C 4 H 4 N 2 O 2 + 2 H 2 O + CO
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase, also known as AICDA, AID and single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminase, is a 24 kDa enzyme which in humans is encoded by the AICDA gene. [5] It creates mutations in DNA [6] [7] by deamination of cytosine base, which turns it into uracil (which is recognized as a thymine). In other words, it changes a C:G base ...
Cytosine deamination commonly occurs under physiological conditions and essentially is the deamination of cytosine. This process yields uracil as its product, which is not a base pair found within DNA. This process causes extensive DNA damage.
[11] [12] The chemical reaction is depicted in Figure 1, where sulfonation occurs at the carbon-6 position of cytosine to produce the intermediate cytosine sulfonate. [13] This intermediate then undergoes irreversible hydrolytic deamination to create uracil sulfonate. Under alkaline conditions, uracil sulfonate desulfonates to generate uracil. [13]
Uracil DNA glycosylases remove uracil from DNA, which can arise either by spontaneous deamination of cytosine or by the misincorporation of dU opposite dA during DNA replication. The prototypical member of this family is E. coli UDG, which was among the first glycosylases discovered.