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In computing, protected mode, also called protected virtual address mode, [1] is an operational mode of x86-compatible central processing units (CPUs). It allows system software to use features such as segmentation, virtual memory, paging and safe multi-tasking designed to increase an operating system's control over application software.
The Windows Task Manager utility for Windows XP and Server 2003, in its Performance tab, shows three counters related to commit charge: Total is the amount of pagefile-backed virtual address space in use, i.e., the current commit charge. This is composed of main memory (RAM) and disk (pagefiles).
mimalloc (pronounced "me-malloc") is a free and open-source compact general-purpose memory allocator developed by Microsoft [2] with focus on performance characteristics. The library is about 11000 lines of code and works as a drop-in replacement for malloc of the C standard library [3] and requires no additional code changes.
Virtual memory makes application programming easier by hiding fragmentation of physical memory; by delegating to the kernel the burden of managing the memory hierarchy (eliminating the need for the program to handle overlays explicitly); and, when each process is run in its own dedicated address space, by obviating the need to relocate program code or to access memory with relative addressing.
Virtual memory consists of the space in physical memory and on disk. Many of the memory counters monitor paging, which is the movement of pages of code and data between disk and physical memory. Excessive paging, a symptom of a memory shortage, can cause delays which interfere with all system processes. Paging File
Guide On Optimizing Virtual Memory Speed (outdated) Virtual Memory Page Replacement Algorithms; Windows XP: How to manually change the size of the virtual memory paging file; Windows XP: Factors that may deplete the supply of paged pool memory; SwapFs driver that can be used to save the paging file of Windows on a swap partition of Linux
A similar mechanism is used for memory-mapped files, which are mapped to virtual memory and loaded to physical memory on demand. When physical memory is not full this is a simple operation; the page is written back into physical memory, the page table and TLB are updated, and the instruction is restarted.
Enhanced Write Filter (or EWF) is a component of Windows XP Embedded and Windows Embedded Standard 7 which stores volume changes on another medium instead of applying them to the original volume. [1] EWF allows the writes to be discarded or committed to the original volume later (either directly or through inaction based on the configuration).