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Cycling refers to establishing bacterial colonies that regulate the nitrogen cycle, the conversion of ammonia to nitrite and finally to nitrate. There are two means of cycling a tank: Fish-in cycling whereby the fish produce waste and are the key ammonia source for the cycle and fishless cycling whereby liquid ammonia solution or decaying fish ...
All RAS relies on biofiltration to convert ammonia (NH 4 + and NH 3) excreted by the fish into nitrate. [4] Ammonia is a waste product of fish metabolism and high concentrations (>.02 mg/L) are toxic to most finfish. [5] Nitrifying bacteria are chemoautotrophs that convert ammonia into nitrite (NO 2-) then nitrate (NO 3-).
Bacteria are able to convert ammonia to nitrite and nitrate but they are inhibited by light so this must occur below the euphotic zone. [43] Ammonification or Mineralization is performed by bacteria to convert organic nitrogen to ammonia. Nitrification can then occur to convert the ammonium to nitrite and nitrate. [44]
As an added measure, a protein skimmer is used to remove some of the dissolved organic compounds before they break down into ammonia, although skimmers do not remove ammonia from fish urea. The typical rule of thumb is to use from 1-2 lb (0.45 to 0.9 kg) of live rock per gallon (US) (3.7 liters) of aquarium water depending on the density of the ...
Diagram of new and regenerated production with nitrification confined to the aphotic zone. This was used to frame the f-ratio and its link to export production. Bio-available nitrogen occurs in the ocean in several forms, including simple ionic forms such as nitrate (NO 3 −), nitrite (NO 2 −) and ammonium (NH 4 +), and more complex organic forms such as urea ((NH 2) 2 CO).
Dark leafy greens are high in dietary nitrates, which convert into nitric oxide in the body, Smith noted. ... Fatty fish. Cold-water fatty fish, including salmon, mackerel, ...
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium is a two step process, reducing NO 3 − to NO 2 − then NO 2 − to NH 4 +, though the reaction may begin with NO 2 − directly. [1] Each step is mediated by a different enzyme, the first step of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium is usually mediated by a periplasmic nitrate reductase.
In the NO − 3 anion, the oxidation state of the central nitrogen atom is V (+5). This corresponds to the highest possible oxidation number of nitrogen. Nitrate is a potentially powerful oxidizer as evidenced by its explosive behaviour at high temperature when it is detonated in ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3), or black powder, ignited by the shock wave of a primary explosive.