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  2. Bacterial adhesin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_adhesin

    In gram-positive bacteria, a protein or polysaccharide surface layer serves as the specific adhesin. To effectively achieve adherence to host surfaces, many bacteria produce multiple adherence factors called adhesins. Bacterial adhesins provide species and tissue tropism. Adhesins are expressed by both pathogenic bacteria and saprophytic bacteria.

  3. Virulence factor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence_factor

    Bacteria produce various adhesins including lipoteichoic acid, trimeric autotransporter adhesins and a wide variety of other surface proteins to attach to host tissue. Capsules, made of carbohydrate, form part of the outer structure of many bacterial cells including Neisseria meningitidis.

  4. Cell wall - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall

    In other Archaea, such as Methanomicrobium and Desulfurococcus, the wall may be composed only of surface-layer proteins, [12] known as an S-layer. S-layers are common in bacteria, where they serve as either the sole cell-wall component or an outer layer in conjunction with polysaccharides. Most Archaea are Gram-negative, though at least one ...

  5. Bacterial cell structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure

    An S-layer (surface layer) is a cell surface protein layer found in many different bacteria and in some archaea, where it serves as the cell wall. All S-layers are made up of a two-dimensional array of proteins and have a crystalline appearance, the symmetry of which differs between species.

  6. Cell (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)

    A fimbria (plural fimbriae also known as a pilus, plural pili) is a short, thin, hair-like filament found on the surface of bacteria. Fimbriae are formed of a protein called pilin ( antigenic ) and are responsible for the attachment of bacteria to specific receptors on human cells ( cell adhesion ).

  7. Virulence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence

    Many virulence factors are proteins made by bacteria that poison host cells and cause tissue damage. For example, there are many food poisoning toxins produced by bacteria that can contaminate human foods. Some of these can remain in "spoiled" food even after cooking and cause illness when the contaminated food is consumed.

  8. Protein A - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_A

    Protein A is a 42 kDa surface protein originally found in the cell wall of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. It is encoded by the spa gene and its regulation is controlled by DNA topology, cellular osmolarity, and a two-component system called ArlS-ArlR. It has found use in biochemical research because of its ability to bind immunoglobulins ...

  9. Innate immune system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system

    For example, beta-lysine, a protein produced by platelets during coagulation, can cause lysis of many Gram-positive bacteria by acting as a cationic detergent. [3] Many acute-phase proteins of inflammation are involved in the coagulation system.