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Under the assumption of normality of returns, an active risk of x per cent would mean that approximately 2/3 of the portfolio's active returns (one standard deviation from the mean) can be expected to fall between +x and -x per cent of the mean excess return and about 95% of the portfolio's active returns (two standard deviations from the mean) can be expected to fall between +2x and -2x per ...
An exchange-traded fund (ETF) is a type of investment fund that is also an exchange-traded product, i.e., it is traded on stock exchanges. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] ETFs own financial assets such as stocks , bonds , currencies , debts , futures contracts , and/or commodities such as gold bars .
The expected return (or expected gain) on a financial investment is the expected value of its return (of the profit on the investment). It is a measure of the center of the distribution of the random variable that is the return. [1]
Category. Mutual fund. ETF. Annual expense (2022)* 0.66 percent for actively managed stock funds; 0.44 for active bond funds. Stock and bond index funds average 0.05 percent
An ETF is a collection of securities packaged and sold in a single basket, or fund. Most ETFs are passively managed. Learn how to buy and sell ETFs.
Net asset value (NAV) is the value of an entity's assets minus the value of its liabilities, often in relation to open-end, mutual funds, hedge funds, and venture capital funds. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Shares of such funds registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are usually bought and redeemed at their net asset value. [ 3 ]
The risk-free rate is also a required input in financial calculations, such as the Black–Scholes formula for pricing stock options and the Sharpe ratio. Note that some finance and economic theories assume that market participants can borrow at the risk-free rate; in practice, very few (if any) borrowers have access to finance at the risk free ...
The fundamental theorem of arbitrage-free pricing is one of the key theorems in mathematical finance, while the Black–Scholes equation and formula are amongst the key results. [3] Today many universities offer degree and research programs in mathematical finance.
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