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Some effects of soil liquefaction after the 1964 Niigata earthquake Soil liquefaction allowed this sewer manhole to float upward and breach the pavement during the 2004 Chūetsu earthquake Soil liquefaction in Christchurch. The 2011 earthquake caused a layer of water and fine sand to collect on the surface of this street.
Quicksand (also known as sinking sand) is a colloid consisting of fine granular material (such as sand, silt or clay) and water. It forms in saturated loose sand when the sand is suddenly agitated. When water in the sand cannot escape, it creates a liquefied soil that loses strength and cannot support
The process is often associated with soil liquefaction and the ejection of fluidized sand that can occur in water-saturated sediments during an earthquake. The New Madrid seismic zone exhibited many such features during the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes . [ 3 ]
Soil liquefaction describes the behavior of soils that, when loaded, suddenly suffer a transition from a solid state to a liquefied state, or having the consistency of a heavy liquid. lithic fragment. Also simply called a lithic. A sand-sized grain that is made up of smaller than sand-sized grains, e.g. a shale fragment or basalt fragment in a ...
The effects of soil liquefaction, seen after 2011 Canterbury earthquake. In geology, soil liquefaction refers to the process by which water-saturated, unconsolidated sediments are transformed into a substance that acts like a liquid, often in an earthquake. [6]
Dilatancy is a common feature of soils and sands. Its effect can be seen when the wet sand around the foot of a person walking on beach appears to dry up. The deformation caused by the foot expands the sand under it and the water in the sand moves to fill the new space between the grains.
Shaking during the earthquake caused liquefaction with instantaneous compaction and formation of many sand volcanoes. [2] [4] Maps of areas of subsidence and sand volcanoes were found to match closely with old maps of the position of former river channels. Subsidence of up to 140 cm was measured over wide areas associated with the liquefaction.
Ground shaking triggered soil liquefaction in a subsurface layer of sand, producing differential lateral and vertical movement in an overlying carapace of unliquefied sand and silt. This mode of ground failure, termed lateral spreading, is a principal cause of liquefaction-related earthquake damage. [43]