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A phase-gate process (also referred to as a waterfall process) is a project management technique in which an initiative or project (e.g., new product development, software development, process improvement, business change) is divided into distinct stages or phases, separated by decision points (known as gates).
The waterfall model is a breakdown of developmental activities into linear sequential phases, meaning that each phase is passed down onto each other, where each phase depends on the deliverables of the previous one and corresponds to a specialization of tasks. [1]
According to Royce in the process model "the design iterations are never confined to the successive step", and for that model without iteration is "risky and invites failure". [3] As alternative Royce proposed a more incremental development, where every next step links back to the step before. The 'classical' waterfall model is figure 2.
These projects were based on the waterfall model of software development which was the prevalent software development process in 1981. References to this model typically call it COCOMO 81 . In 1995 COCOMO II was developed and finally published in 2000 in the book Software Cost Estimation with COCOMO II . [ 3 ]
Process costing is an accounting methodology that traces and accumulates direct costs, and allocates indirect costs of a manufacturing process. [ 1 ] Costs are assigned to products, usually in a large batch, which might include an entire month's production.
Record to report or R2R is a Finance and Accounting (F&A) management process which involves collecting, processing and delivering relevant, timely and accurate information used for providing strategic, financial and operational feedback to understand how a business is performing. [1]
The development of the first system of environmental-economic accounting (SEEA) in 1993 (SEEA-1993) was a major step towards establishing standards around integrating the environment into national accounts, and subsequently, environmentally-adjusting or "greening" macroeconomic indicators such as GDP. [7]
The seven steps of the framework are Initiate a new process reengineering project and prepare a business case for the same; Negotiate with senior management to get approval to start the process reengineering project; Select the key processes that need to be reengineered; Plan the process reengineering activities; Investigate the processes to ...