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The future indicative tense does not derive from the Latin form (which tended to be confounded with the preterite due to sound changes in Vulgar Latin), but rather from an infinitive + habeō periphrasis, later reanalysed as a simple tense. Formally identical to the future perfect indicative, the two paradigms merged in Vulgar Latin.
The present indicative active and the present infinitive are both based on the present stem. It is not possible to infer the stems for other tenses from the present stem. This means that, although the infinitive active form normally shows the verb conjugation, knowledge of several different forms is necessary to be able to confidently produce ...
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e.g. dūc- ) and three on the perfect stem (e.g. dūx- ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative.
The Imperfect is, in most cases, formed by taking the stem along with the thematic vowel and adding v + the ending of the '-are ' verbs in the present tense (with -amo instead of -iamo). There are no irregular conjugations in the Imperfect except for essere , which uses the stem er- and v appears only in 1st and 2nd person plurals.
Grammatical abbreviations are generally written in full or small caps to visually distinguish them from the translations of lexical words. For instance, capital or small-cap PAST (frequently abbreviated to PST) glosses a grammatical past-tense morpheme, while lower-case 'past' would be a literal translation of a word with that meaning.
The future tense (a time posterior after that of matrix verb) is expressed by the future infinitive. Practically, six tenses of the indicative must be transformed into three available infinitival tenses. An accurate reproduction of the full temporal sense of direct speech is thus often impossible: [10] Amo libertatem. ("I love freedom")
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The imperfect indicative generally has an imperfective meaning and describes situations in the past. Often the imperfect can be translated into English as 'was doing', but sometimes the simple tense 'did' or expressions such as 'used to do', 'would do', 'kept doing', 'began to do', 'had been doing' are more appropriate.