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Hydrogen atoms are small and can permeate solid metals. Once absorbed, hydrogen lowers the stress required for cracks in the metal to initiate and propagate, resulting in embrittlement. Hydrogen embrittlement occurs in steels, as well as in iron, nickel, titanium, cobalt, and their alloys.
Nickel tungstate can also be prepared by the reaction of nickel(II) oxide and tungsten(VI) oxide. [6] It can also be obtained by the reaction of ammonium metatungstate and nickel(II) nitrate [7] or from the reaction of sodium tungstate, nickel(II) chloride and sodium chloride. [8] Nickel tungstate undergoes a phase transition at 700°C. [5]
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Such hydrogen induced blister cracking has been observed in steels, aluminium alloys, titanium alloys and nuclear structural materials. Metals with low hydrogen solubility (such as tungsten) are more susceptible to blister formation. [3]
Oxide dispersion strengthened alloys (ODS) are alloys that consist of a metal matrix with small oxide particles dispersed within it. They have high heat resistance, strength, and ductility . Alloys of nickel are the most common but includes iron aluminum alloys.
Outgassing can be lowered with suitable (e.g. nickel) plating. It has high permeability to hydrogen and tendency to rust. For use it should be thoroughly degassed in vacuum. Aluminium and aluminium alloys are another class of frequently used materials. They are well-machinable and have low outgassing, unless the alloys contain higher ...
The idea of hydrogen in the nascent state having chemical properties different from those of molecular hydrogen developed the mid-19th century. Alexander Williamson repeatedly refers to nascent hydrogen in his textbook Chemistry for Students, for example writing of the substitution reaction of carbon tetrachloride with hydrogen to form products such as chloroform and dichloromethane that the ...
Liquid metal embrittlement (also known as LME and liquid metal induced embrittlement) is a phenomenon of practical importance, where certain ductile metals experience drastic loss in tensile ductility or undergo brittle fracture when exposed to specific liquid metals.
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