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Scattered reads – code can read from arbitrary addresses in memory. Unified virtual memory (CUDA 4.0 and above) Unified memory (CUDA 6.0 and above) Shared memory – CUDA exposes a fast shared memory region that can be shared among threads. This can be used as a user-managed cache, enabling higher bandwidth than is possible using texture lookups.
Every thread in CUDA is associated with a particular index so that it can calculate and access memory locations in an array. Consider an example in which there is an array of 512 elements. One of the organization structure is taking a grid with a single block that has a 512 threads.
Shared memory is declared in the PTX file via lines at the start of the form: .shared .align 8 .b8 pbatch_cache [ 15744 ]; // define 15,744 bytes, aligned to an 8-byte boundary Writing kernels in PTX requires explicitly registering PTX modules via the CUDA Driver API, typically more cumbersome than using the CUDA Runtime API and Nvidia's CUDA ...
The implementation of exception handling in programming languages typically involves a fair amount of support from both a code generator and the runtime system accompanying a compiler. (It was the addition of exception handling to C++ that ended the useful lifetime of the original C++ compiler, Cfront. [18]) Two schemes are most common.
[1] [2] As in the multi-threaded context where a program executes several threads simultaneously in a shared address space and each of those threads has access to every other thread's memory, thread-safe functions need to ensure that all those threads behave properly and fulfill their design specifications without unintended interaction. [3]
An exception handling mechanism allows the procedure to raise an exception [2] if this precondition is violated, [1] for example if the procedure has been called on an abnormal set of arguments. The exception handling mechanism then handles the exception. [3] The precondition, and the definition of exception, is subjective.
Hopper allows CUDA compute kernels to utilize automatic inline compression, including in individual memory allocation, which allows accessing memory at higher bandwidth. This feature does not increase the amount of memory available to the application, because the data (and thus its compressibility ) may be changed at any time.
Most assembly languages will have a macro instruction or an interrupt address available for the particular system to intercept events such as illegal op codes, program check, data errors, overflow, divide by zero, and other such.