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Keeping the pH in a suitable range (5.0-9.0 for freshwater systems) is crucial to maintain the health of both the fish and biofilter. pH is typically controlled by the addition of alkalinity in the form of lime (CaCO 3) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH). A low pH will lead to high levels of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO 2), which can prove toxic to fish.
From intravenous (IV) animal studies the toxic dose (LD 50) of palytoxin via IV for humans has been estimated by extrapolation to be between 2.3 and 31.5 micrograms (μg) of palytoxin. [3] [30] An acute oral reference dose has been suggested to be 64 μg for a person with weight of 60 kg. [3]
Saltwater may have a pH of 7.8 or higher, so to reduce the pH carbon dioxide (CO 2) is used. The reaction formula is: CaCO 3 + H 2 O + CO 2 Ca 2+ + 2 HCO 3 −. Inside the reaction chamber, a calcium rich media , mainly CaCO 3, is forced into contact with water injected with carbon dioxide (CO 2) in order to create carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3).
Low pH colour Transition pH range High pH colour Thymol blue (first transition) Red 1.2 – 2.8 Yellow Methyl orange: Red 3.2 – 4.4 Yellow Methyl red: Red 4.8 – 6.0 Yellow Bromothymol blue: Yellow 6.0 – 7.6 Blue Thymol blue (second transition) Yellow 8.0 – 9.6 Blue Phenolphthalein: Colourless 8.3 – 10.0 Fuchsia
In fishkeeping, a refugium is an appendage to a marine, brackish, or freshwater fish tank that shares the same water supply. It is a separate sump , connected to the main show tank. [ 1 ] It is a " refugium " in the sense that it permits organisms to be maintained that would not survive in the main system, whether food animals, anaerobic ...
The pond loaches prefer a water pH of 6.5–8.0, but, as a temperate-climate freshwater species, will tolerate far more acidic conditions, even for extended amounts of time, with little negative reactions. This makes the pond loach a great choice for first-time aquariums and for those who want a hardy fish tank able to withstand a few mistakes.
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