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The top quark was discovered in 1995 by the CDF [2] and DØ [3] experiments at Fermilab. Like all other quarks, the top quark is a fermion with spin-1/2 and participates in all four fundamental interactions: gravitation, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions. It has an electric charge of + 2 / 3 e.
[43] [44] This was a strong indicator of the top quark's existence: without the top quark, the bottom quark would have been without a partner. It was not until 1995 that the top quark was finally observed, also by the CDF [45] and DØ [46] teams at Fermilab. [5] It had a mass much larger than expected, [47] almost as large as that of a gold ...
The top quark is very heavy, with a measured mass of approximately 174 GeV (comparable to the electroweak scale), and so its Yukawa coupling is of order unity, suggesting the possibility of strong coupling dynamics at high energy scales. This model attempts to explain how the electroweak scale may match the top quark mass.
Pekka K. Sinervo is an experimental particle physicist who has studied quarks, [1] gluons [2] and vector bosons [3] [4] [5] [6] using high-energy electron and proton ...
The combination of a top quark and top antiquark is not an open T meson, but rather a closed top-quark meson called toponium. Each T meson has an antiparticle that is composed of a top antiquark and an up (T 0), down (T −), strange (T − s), charm quark (T 0 c) or bottom quark (T − b) respectively.
However the top quark is extremely unstable, with a half-life under 10 −23 s, which is the required time for the strong interaction to take place. For that reason the top quark does not hadronize, that is it never forms any meson or baryon, so the topness of a meson or a baryon is always zero.
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On March 2, 1995, the two collaborations jointly reported the discovery of the top quark at a mass of about 175 GeV/c 2 (nearly that of a gold nucleus). [17] [18] [19] On March 4, 2009, the DØ and CDF collaborations both announced the discovery of the production of single top quarks via the weak interaction. This process occurs at about half ...