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In engineering, science, and statistics, replication is the process of repeating a study or experiment under the same or similar conditions to support the original claim, which is crucial to confirm the accuracy of results as well as for identifying and correcting the flaws in the original experiment. [1]
For example, Tukey's F-test for interaction (non-additivity) has been motivated by the multiplicative model of Mandel (1961); this model assumes that all treatment-block interactions are proportion to the product of the mean treatment-effect and the mean block-effect, where the proportionality constant is identical for all treatment-block ...
Reproducibility, closely related to replicability and repeatability, is a major principle underpinning the scientific method.For the findings of a study to be reproducible means that results obtained by an experiment or an observational study or in a statistical analysis of a data set should be achieved again with a high degree of reliability when the study is replicated.
Reproducibility: the variation induced when different operators, instruments, or laboratories measure the same or replicated specimen. [ 1 ] It is important to understand the difference between accuracy and precision to understand the purpose of Gage R&R. Gage R&R addresses only the precision of a measurement system.
The fundamental difference between a calculator and computer is that a computer can be programmed in a way that allows the program to take different branches according to intermediate results, while calculators are pre-designed with specific functions (such as addition, multiplication, and logarithms) built in.
Sacrificial pseudoreplication (Figure 5b in Hurlbert 1984) occurs when means within a treatment are used in an analysis, and these means are tested over the within unit variance. In Figure 5b the erroneous F-ratio will have 1 df in the numerator (treatment) mean square and 4 df in the denominator mean square(2-1 = 1 df for each experimental unit).
Qalculate! supports common mathematical functions and operations, multiple bases, autocompletion, complex numbers, infinite numbers, arrays and matrices, variables, mathematical and physical constants, user-defined functions, symbolic derivation and integration, solving of equations involving unknowns, uncertainty propagation using interval arithmetic, plotting using Gnuplot, unit and currency ...
Casio fx-77, a solar-powered digital calculator from the 1980s using a single-line LCD. A scientific calculator is an electronic calculator, either desktop or handheld, designed to perform calculations using basic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) and advanced (trigonometric, hyperbolic, etc.) mathematical operations and functions.