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The first indigenous Japanese deck was the Tenshō karuta named after the Tenshō period (1573–92). [5] It was a 48 card deck with the 10s missing like Portuguese-suited playing cards from that period. It kept the four Latin suits of cups, coins, clubs, and swords along with the three face cards of female knave, knight, and king.
The first Japanese-made decks made during the Tenshō period (1573–1592) mimicked Portuguese decks and are referred to as Tenshō Karuta. The main game was a trick-taking game intermediate in evolution between Triunfo and Ombre. [11] After Japan closed off all contact with the Western world in 1633, foreign playing cards were banned. [12]
Oishi Tengudo (大石天狗堂) is a Kyoto-based Japanese manufacturer of playing cards and other traditional games, including go, hanafuda, and other karuta. With a handful of exceptions, all their cards are still made by hand. The company logo is a tengu mask with a long nose. [1]
Players can gain cards in their point piles by matching cards in their hands, or drawn from the draw pile, with cards on the table. Once a yaku has been made, a player can stop to cash in points, or keep going (referred to as " koi-koi ", hence the name of the game) to form additional yaku for more points.
Competitive karuta is a one-on-one game, facilitated by a reciter (card reader) and a judge. All official matches use cards made by Oishi Tengudo.. 50 torifuda cards are randomly selected from the total of 100; the 50 cards that are not selected are excluded from the game and are known as karafuda (dead cards or ghost cards).
While playing cards were invented in China, Chinese playing cards do not have a concept of court cards, though two entire suits featured faces for a period of time when Water Margin cards were popular. When playing cards arrived in Iran, the Persians created the first face cards. The best preserved deck is located in the Topkapı Palace.
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Japanese women have their first child at an average age of 30.3 (2012 estimate). [67] Government policies to increase the birthrate include early education designed to develop citizens into capable parents. [68] Some critics of these policies believe that this emphasis on birth rate is incompatible with a full recognition of women's equality in ...