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  2. Cell cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle

    The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G 1 phase, S phase (synthesis), G 2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm and cell membrane divides forming two daughter cells.

  3. DNA replication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication

    The assembled human DNA clamp, a trimer of the protein PCNA. In all cases the helicase is composed of six polypeptides that wrap around only one strand of the DNA being replicated. The two polymerases are bound to the helicase hexamer. In eukaryotes the helicase wraps around the leading strand, and in prokaryotes it wraps around the lagging ...

  4. Eukaryotic DNA replication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_DNA_replication

    Origins vary widely in their efficiency, with some being used in almost every cell cycle while others may be used in only one in one thousand S phases. [4] The total number of yeast ARSs is at least 1600, but may be more than 5000 if less active sites are counted, [ 5 ] that is, there may be an ARS every 2000 to 8000 base pairs.

  5. DNA synthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_synthesis

    DNA replication occurs so, during cell division, each daughter cell contains an accurate copy of the genetic material of the cell. In vivo DNA synthesis (DNA replication) is dependent on a complex set of enzymes which have evolved to act during the S phase of the cell cycle, in a concerted fashion.

  6. DNA damage (naturally occurring) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally...

    When wild-type, growing cells are exposed to various levels of x-irradiation over a given time frame, and then analyzed with a microcolony assay, differences in the cell cycle response can be observed based on which genes are mutated in the cells. For instance, while unirradiated cells will progress normally through the cell cycle, cells that ...

  7. Telomeres in the cell cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomeres_in_the_cell_cycle

    They found that when the cells were released and concurrently treated with nocodazole, a G2/M phase cell cycle inhibitor, telomere length increased for the first few hours and then remained constant. In comparison, when cells were released and allowed to cycle, telomere length increased linearly with time. [ 34 ]

  8. Base excision repair - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_excision_repair

    This is an important repair function since about 1/3 of all intragenic single base pair mutations in human cancers occur in CpG dinucleotides and are the result of G:C to A:T transitions. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] These transitions comprise the most frequent mutations in human cancer.

  9. Cell cycle checkpoint - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle_checkpoint

    In eukaryotes, the cell cycle consists of four main stages: G 1, during which a cell is metabolically active and continuously grows; S phase, during which DNA replication takes place; G 2, during which cell growth continues and the cell synthesizes various proteins in preparation for division; and the M phase, during which the duplicated ...