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Transformer architecture is now used alongside many generative models that contribute to the ongoing AI boom. In language modelling, ELMo (2018) was a bi-directional LSTM that produces contextualized word embeddings, improving upon the line of research from bag of words and word2vec. It was followed by BERT (2018), an encoder-only Transformer ...
Transformer architecture is now used alongside many generative models that contribute to the ongoing AI boom. In language modelling, ELMo (2018) was a bi-directional LSTM that produces contextualized word embeddings, improving upon the line of research from bag of words and word2vec. It was followed by BERT (2018), an encoder-only Transformer ...
This was optimized into the transformer architecture, published by Google researchers in Attention Is All You Need (2017). [27] That development led to the emergence of large language models such as BERT (2018) [28] which was a pre-trained transformer (PT) but not designed to be generative (BERT was an "encoder-only" model).
Jürgen Schmidhuber's fast weight controller (1992) [108] scales linearly and was later shown to be equivalent to the unnormalized linear Transformer. [109] [110] [10] Transformers have increasingly become the model of choice for natural language processing. [111] Many modern large language models such as ChatGPT, GPT-4, and BERT use this ...
A vision transformer (ViT) is a transformer designed for computer vision. [1] A ViT decomposes an input image into a series of patches (rather than text into tokens ), serializes each patch into a vector, and maps it to a smaller dimension with a single matrix multiplication .
The GPT-1 architecture was a twelve-layer decoder-only transformer, using twelve masked self-attention heads, with 64-dimensional states each (for a total of 768). Rather than simple stochastic gradient descent , the Adam optimization algorithm was used; the learning rate was increased linearly from zero over the first 2,000 updates to a ...
Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 (GPT-2) is a large language model by OpenAI and the second in their foundational series of GPT models. GPT-2 was pre-trained on a dataset of 8 million web pages. [2] It was partially released in February 2019, followed by full release of the 1.5-billion-parameter model on November 5, 2019. [3] [4] [5]
Gated recurrent units (GRUs) are a gating mechanism in recurrent neural networks, introduced in 2014 by Kyunghyun Cho et al. [1] The GRU is like a long short-term memory (LSTM) with a gating mechanism to input or forget certain features, [2] but lacks a context vector or output gate, resulting in fewer parameters than LSTM. [3]