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The word śramaṇa is postulated to be derived from the verbal root śram, meaning "to exert effort, labor or to perform austerity". [3] The history of wandering monks in ancient India is partly untraceable. The term 'parivrajaka' was perhaps applicable to all the peripatetic monks of India, such as those found in Buddhism, Jainism and Brahmanism.
The mengdu (Jeju and Korean: 멩두, romanized: mengdu), also called the three mengdu (삼멩두, sam-mengdu) and the three mengdu of the sun and moon (일월삼멩두, irwol sam-mengdu), [1] are a set of three kinds of brass ritual devices—a pair of knives, a bell, and divination implements—which are the symbols of shamanic priesthood in the Korean shamanism of southern Jeju Island.
Originating from Middle Eastern traditions, geomancy was introduced to Europe in the Middle Ages, where it acquired astrological meanings and new interpretive layers. These figures exhibit a superficial resemblance to the ba gua, the eight trigrams in the I Ching, a Chinese classic text. Each figure carries distinct attributes and meanings.
The shaman evokes animal images as spirit guides, omens, and message-bearers The shaman can perform other varied forms of divination , scry , throw bones, and sometimes foretell of future events Shamanism is based on the premise that the visible world is pervaded by invisible forces or spirits which affect the lives of the living. [ 42 ]
Shaman in southern Siberia, 2014 Oroqen shaman, northern China. Siberia is regarded as the locus classicus of shamanism. [28] The area is inhabited by many different ethnic groups, and many of its peoples observe shamanistic practices, even in modern times. Many classical ethnographic sources of "shamanism" were recorded among Siberian peoples.
Classic magic words A magical formula or 'word of power' is a word that is believed to have specific supernatural effects. [ 19 ] They are words whose meaning illustrates principles and degrees of understanding that are often difficult to relay using other forms of speech or writing.
Other sex-differentiated shaman names include nanwu 男巫 for "male shaman; sorcerer; wizard"; and nüwu 女巫, wunü 巫女, wupo 巫婆, and wuyu 巫嫗 for "female shaman; sorceress; witch". Wu is used in compounds like wugu 巫蠱 "sorcery; cast harmful spells", wushen 巫神 or shenwu 神巫 (with shen "spirit; god") "wizard; sorcerer ...
Based on the ancient Chinese concept of yin and yang and five phases, which began in the Xia and Shang dynasties and was almost completed in the Zhou dynasty, that all phenomena are based on the combination of yin-and-yang five phases of wood, fire, earth, metal, and water, onmyōji is a uniquely Japanese profession that is responsible for astrology, calendar, I Ching, water clock, etc., which ...