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The real and imaginary parts of permittivity are shown, and various processes are depicted: ionic and dipolar relaxation, and atomic and electronic resonances at higher energies. [ 1 ] Dielectric spectroscopy (which falls in a subcategory of the impedance spectroscopy ) measures the dielectric properties of a medium as a function of frequency .
A dielectric permittivity spectrum over a wide range of frequencies. ε′ and ε″ denote the real and the imaginary part of the permittivity, respectively. Various processes are labeled on the image: ionic and dipolar relaxation, and atomic and electronic resonances at higher energies. [10]
The relative permittivity (in older texts, dielectric constant) is the permittivity of a material expressed as a ratio with the electric permittivity of a vacuum. A dielectric is an insulating material, and the dielectric constant of an insulator measures the ability of the insulator to store electric energy in an electrical field.
Iron is stored in many organisms in the form of ferritin, which is a ferrous oxide encased in a solubilizing protein sheath. [ 10 ] Species of bacteria , including Shewanella oneidensis , Geobacter sulfurreducens and Geobacter metallireducens , use iron oxides as terminal electron acceptors .
A dielectric gas, or insulating gas, is a dielectric material in gaseous state. Its main purpose is to prevent or rapidly quench electric discharges . Dielectric gases are used as electrical insulators in high voltage applications, e.g. transformers , circuit breakers (namely sulfur hexafluoride circuit breakers ), switchgear (namely high ...
In physics, the term dielectric strength has the following meanings: . for a pure electrically insulating material, the maximum electric field that the material can withstand under ideal conditions without undergoing electrical breakdown and becoming electrically conductive (i.e. without failure of its insulating properties).
The refractive index n of the gas can then be expressed in terms of the molar refractivity A as: n ≈ 1 + 3 A p R T {\displaystyle n\approx {\sqrt {1+{\frac {3Ap}{RT}}}}} where p is the pressure of the gas, R is the universal gas constant , and T is the (absolute) temperature, which together determine the number density N .
Iron(II) oxide or ferrous oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula FeO. Its mineral form is known as wüstite . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] One of several iron oxides , it is a black-colored powder that is sometimes confused with rust , the latter of which consists of hydrated iron(III) oxide (ferric oxide).