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There are four fundamental interactions known to exist: [ 1] The gravitational and electromagnetic interactions produce long-range forces whose effects can be seen directly in everyday life. The strong and weak interactions produce forces at minuscule, subatomic distances and govern nuclear interactions inside atoms .
Scientists. v. t. e. In quantum field theory, the Casimir effect (or Casimir force) [ 1] is a physical force acting on the macroscopic boundaries of a confined space which arises from the quantum fluctuations of a field. It is named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir, who predicted the effect for electromagnetic systems in 1948.
Unification of theories about observable fundamental phenomena of nature is one of the primary goals of physics. [1] [2] [3] The two great unifications to date are Isaac Newton ’s unification of gravity and astronomy, and James Clerk Maxwell ’s unification of electromagnetism; the latter has been further unified with the concept of ...
In 1930, after the discovery of quantum mechanics, Fritz London showed that theory predicts the long-range attractive force should have =. In 1931, Lennard-Jones applied this form of the potential to describe many properties of fluids setting the stage for many subsequent studies. [1]
In nuclear physics and particle physics, the strong interaction, also called the strong force or strong nuclear force, is a fundamental interaction that confines quarks into protons, neutrons, and other hadron particles. The strong interaction also binds neutrons and protons to create atomic nuclei, where it is called the nuclear force .
Nuclear physics. Force (as multiples of 10 000 N) between two nucleons as a function of distance as computed from the Reid potential (1968). [ 1] The spins of the neutron and proton are aligned, and they are in the S angular momentum state. The attractive (negative) force has a maximum at a distance of about 1 fm with a force of about 25 000 N ...
In molecular physics and chemistry, the van der Waals force (sometimes van de Waals' force) is a distance-dependent interaction between atoms or molecules. Unlike ionic or covalent bonds, these attractions do not result from a chemical electronic bond; [ 2] they are comparatively weak and therefore more susceptible to disturbance.
Action at a distance. In physics, action at a distance is the concept that an object's motion can be affected by another object without being in physical contact with it; that is, the non-local interaction of objects that are separated in space. Coulomb's law and Newton's law of universal gravitation are based on action at a distance.