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The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which people with limited competence in a particular domain overestimate their abilities. It was first described by David Dunning and Justin Kruger in 1999. Some researchers also include the opposite effect for high performers: their tendency to underestimate their skills.
Dunning–Kruger effect – Cognitive bias about one's own skill; Erikson's stages of psychosocial development – Eight-stage model of psychoanalytic development; Flow – Full immersion in an activity; Formula for change; Illusory superiority – Cognitive bias; Immunity to change – Method of self-reflection and mindset change
English: A graph of how confidence to speak on a subject develops depending on experience and knowledge. According to the Dunning–Kruger effect, people tend to overestimate their cognitive ability until/unless their competence increases to the point where they become aware of their shortcomings.
Baader–Meinhof effect; Barnum effect; Bezold effect; Birthday-number effect; Boomerang effect; Bouba/kiki effect; Bystander effect; Cheerleader effect; Cinderella effect; Cocktail party effect; Contrast effect; Coolidge effect; Crespi effect; Cross-race effect; Curse of knowledge; Diderot effect; Dunning–Kruger effect; Einstellung effect ...
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Johnson was arrested a few days later, while Wheeler was apprehended in April after being identified in surveillance photographs. Both received multi-year jail sentences. The robberies directly inspired the research of the Dunning–Kruger effect, which describes that people with little ability in a given field erroneously believe they excel in it.
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From Dunning 2011, p. 264: We have observed this pattern of dramatic overestimation by bottom performers across a wide range of tasks in the lab—from tests of logical reasoning and grammar skills (Kruger & Dunning, 1999) to more social abilities like emotional intelligence (Sheldon, Ames, & Dunning, 2010) and discerning which jokes are funny ...