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  2. Water softening - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

    Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes and fittings.

  3. Air gap (plumbing) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_gap_(plumbing)

    An air gap, as related to the plumbing trade, is the unobstructed vertical space between the water outlet and the flood level of a fixture. [1] Air gaps of appropriate design are legally required by water health and safety regulations in many countries. An air gap is the simplest form of a backflow prevention device.

  4. Chemigation valve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemigation_valve

    Chemigation valve. Sometimes called a check valve or a backflow preventer, a chemigation valve is an apparatus designed to protect water supplies from agricultural chemicals used during chemigation, the application of chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides through irrigation water. [1] Most chemigation valves consist of a spring-loaded ...

  5. Backflow prevention device - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backflow_prevention_device

    A backflow prevention device is used to protect potable water supplies from contamination or pollution due to backflow. In water distribution systems, water is normally maintained at a significant pressure to enable water to flow from the tap, shower, or other fixture. Water pressure may fail or be reduced when a water main bursts, pipes freeze ...

  6. Relief valve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_valve

    A relief valve DN25 on cooling water pipe from heat exchanger Schematic diagram of a conventional spring-loaded pressure relief valve. A relief valve or pressure relief valve (PRV) is a type of safety valve used to control or limit the pressure in a system; excessive pressure might otherwise build up and create a process upset, instrument or equipment failure, explosion, or fire.

  7. Reverse osmosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis

    Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate water molecules from other substances. RO applies pressure to overcome osmotic pressure that favors even distributions. RO can remove dissolved or suspended chemical species as well as biological substances (principally bacteria), and is used in ...

  8. Diaphragm valve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_valve

    Rubber Lined Diaphragm Valve. Diaphragm valves (or membrane valves) consists of a valve body with two or more ports, a flexible diaphragm, and a "weir or saddle" or seat upon which the diaphragm closes the valve. The valve body may be constructed from plastic, metal, wood or other materials depending on the intended use.

  9. Reduced pressure zone device - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_pressure_zone_device

    Reduced pressure zone device connected to a fire hydrant. A reduced pressure zone device (RPZD, RPZ, or RPZ valve) is a type of backflow prevention device used to protect water supplies from contamination. RPZDs may also be known as reduced pressure principle (RP), reduced pressure principle backflow prevention devices, [1][2] reduced pressure ...

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