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In contrast to a single elected executive officer such as the president, plural executives exist in virtually all non-national governments, with states where executive officers such as lieutenant governor, attorney general, comptroller, secretary of state, and others, are elected independently of the state's governor.
In Federalist No. 70, Alexander Hamilton not only lays down an argument for a unitary executive, but also provides rebuttals to contemporaneous counterarguments in favor of a plural executive. [2] Hamilton employs historical examples and the rhetoric of common sense to warn the American people of the weaknesses of a plural executive structure. [3]
In philosophy, political science and sociology, elite theory is a theory of the state that seeks to describe and explain power relations in society.In its contemporary form in the 21st century, elite theory posits that (1) power in larger societies, especially nation-states, is concentrated at the top in relatively small elites; (2) power "flows predominantly in a top-down direction from ...
Elite pluralists agree with classical pluralists that there is "plurality" of power; however, this plurality is not "pure" when the supposedly democratic equilibrium maintains or increases inequities (social, economic or political) due to elites holding greatly disproportionate societal power in forms aforementioned, [7] or by systemic distortions of the political process itself, perpetuated ...
In the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970–1979), a pluralist democracy is described as a political system where there is more than one center of power. [1]Modern democracies are by definition pluralist as they allow freedom of association; however, pluralism may exist without democracy.
The executive of the modern state is nothing but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie. [ 3 ] This represents the high point of conformance of the state theory to an economic interpretation of history in which the forces of production determine peoples' production relations and their production relations determine ...
Dualism in terms of politics, refers to specific political concepts that are related to the functional or structural duality of a particular political system.In some states, functional dualism is manifested through the division of power between the two main branches of government (legislative and executive).
This is a system in which a small group actually rules and mass participation is confined to choosing leaders in elections managed by competing elites." [13] It is also being promoted by the transnational elites in the South as a different form from the authoritarianism and dictatorship to the North as a part of democracy promotion. [14]