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Rotavirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in children, [25] and produces similar rates in both the developed and developing world. [20] Viruses cause about 70% of episodes of infectious diarrhea in the pediatric age group. [13] Rotavirus is a less common cause in adults due to acquired immunity. [27]
The following are two of the most common ones. Acute diarrhea is one of the most common. Globally, each of the 140 million children born annually experience an average of 7-30 episodes of diarrhea in the first 5 years of life. Some of the causes are infections, lower levels of zinc or problems with some gastric cells. [5]
The cause of this wide range in severity of symptoms is not fully known but the intestinal flora of the infected host may play a role. [7] [8] Diarrhoea is less likely to occur in people from developing countries. [7] Symptoms typically develop 9–15 days after exposure, [9] but may occur as early as one day. [5]
The prevalence of intestinal parasites is the highest among children that are living in the poorest communities in developing nations. [1] The most common causes of intestinal parasites are through consumption of contaminated water, infected soil, inadequate sanitation and hygiene, and improper hygiene. [3]
Inflammation of the stomach by infection from any cause is called gastritis, and when including other parts of the gastrointestinal tract called gastroenteritis. When gastritis persists in a chronic state, it is associated with several diseases, including atrophic gastritis , pyloric stenosis , and gastric cancer .
There are many causes of infectious diarrhea, which include viruses, bacteria and parasites. [29] Infectious diarrhea is frequently referred to as gastroenteritis. [30] Norovirus is the most common cause of viral diarrhea in adults, [31] but rotavirus is the most common cause in children under five years old. [32]
Intestinal infectious diseases include a large number of infections of the bowels, including cholera, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, other types of salmonella infections, shigellosis, botulism, gastroenteritis, and amoebiasis among others. [1] Typhoid and paratyphoid resulted in 221,000 deaths in 2013 down from 259,000 deaths in 1990. [2]
Thus, there is a significant variation in infection rates based on geographical area. [21] Those who work with children are also at risk of being infected, as are family members of infected individuals. 7% of children aged 1 to 3 years and 11% of infants and toddlers tested for admission to day-care centers were found to be infected. [21]