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2. Center-pivot irrigation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center-pivot_irrigation

   Center pivot irrigation at Irkhaya Farms in Al Rayyan, Qatar. Most center pivot systems now have drops hanging from a U-shaped pipe called a gooseneck attached at the top of the pipe [clarification needed] with sprinkler heads that are positioned a few feet (at most) above the crop, thus limiting evaporative losses and wind drift. There are ...

3. Irrigation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation

   Irrigation can be supplementary to rainfall, which is common in many parts of the world as rainfed agriculture, or it can be full irrigation, where crops rarely rely on any contribution from rainfall. Full irrigation is less common and only occurs in arid landscapes with very low rainfall or when crops are grown in semi-arid areas outside of ...

4. Drainage system (agriculture) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_system_(agriculture)

   The choice between a subsurface drainage system by pipes and ditches or by tube wells is more a matter of technical criteria and costs than of agricultural criteria, because both types of systems can be designed to meet the same agricultural criteria and achieve the same benefits. Usually, pipe drains or ditches are preferable to wells.

5. Tile drainage - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile_drainage

   According to the Johnston Farm, [11] tile drainage was first introduced to the United States in 1838, when John Johnston used the practice from his native Scotland on his new farm in Seneca County, New York. Johnston laid 72 miles (116 km) of clay tile on 320 acres (1.3 km 2). The effort increased his yield of wheat from 12 bushels per acre to 60.

6. Drip irrigation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drip_irrigation

   Drip irrigation and spare drip irrigation tubes in banana farm at Chinawal, India Pot irrigation by on-line drippers Pressure compensated integral dripper on soilless medium without growing channels. The advantages of drip irrigation are: Fertilizer and nutrient loss is minimized due to a localized application and reduced leaching.

7. Irrigation sprinkler - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation_sprinkler

   [citation needed] Sprinkler irrigation is the method of applying water in a controlled manner in way similar to rainfall. The water is distributed through a network that may consist of pumps, valves, pipes, and sprinklers. [1] Irrigation sprinklers can be used for residential, industrial, and agricultural usage.