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  2. Patellar reflex - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patellar_reflex

    The patellar reflex, also called the knee reflex or knee-jerk, is a stretch reflex which tests the L2, L3, and L4 segments of the spinal cord. Many animals, most significantly humans, have been seen to have the patellar reflex, including dogs, cats, horses, and other mammalian species.

  3. Westphal's sign - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphal's_sign

    Westphal's sign is the clinical correlate of the absence or decrease of patellar reflex or knee jerk. Patellar reflex or knee jerk is a kind of deep or stretch reflex where an application of a stimulus to the patellar tendon such as strike by a solid object or hammer caused the leg to extend due to such stimulus causes the quadriceps femoris muscle to contract.

  4. Hannington-Kiff sign - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannington-Kiff_sign

    The Hannington-Kiff sign is a clinical sign in which there is an absent adductor reflex in the thigh in the presence of a positive patellar reflex. It occurs in patients with an obturator hernia , due to compression of the obturator nerve .

  5. Stretch reflex - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretch_reflex

    The patellar reflex (knee jerk) is an example of the stretch reflex and it is used to determine the sensitivity of the stretch reflex. Reflexes can be tested as part of a neurological examination, often if there is an injury to the central nervous system. To test the reflex, the muscle should be in a neutral position.

  6. List of reflexes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reflexes

    Knee jerk or patellar reflex — a kick caused by striking the patellar tendon with a tendon hammer just below the patella, stimulating the L4 and L3 reflex arcs. Moro reflex , a primitive reflex — only in all infants up to 4 or 5 months of age: a sudden symmetric spreading of the arms, then unspreading and crying, caused by an unexpected ...

  7. Tabes dorsalis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabes_dorsalis

    The deep tendon reflexes are also diminished or absent; for example, the "knee jerk" or patellar reflex may be lacking (Westphal's sign). A complication of tabes dorsalis can be transient neuralgic paroxysmal pain affecting the eyes and the ophthalmic areas, previously called "Pel's crises" after Dutch physician P.K. Pel .

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  9. Hyperreflexia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperreflexia

    Hyperreflexia is overactive or overresponsive bodily reflexes.Examples of this include twitching and spastic tendencies, which indicate disease of the upper motor neurons and the lessening or loss of control ordinarily exerted by higher brain centers of lower neural pathways.

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