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The development of atomic clocks has led to many scientific and technological advances such as precise global and regional navigation satellite systems, and applications in the Internet, which depend critically on frequency and time standards. Atomic clocks are installed at sites of time signal radio transmitters. [113]
A quantum clock is a type of atomic clock with laser cooled single ions confined together in an electromagnetic ion trap. Developed in 2010 by physicists at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology , the clock was 37 times more precise than the then-existing international standard. [ 1 ]
The first caesium clock was built by Louis Essen in 1955 at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK [1] and promoted worldwide by Gernot M. R. Winkler of the United States Naval Observatory. Caesium atomic clocks are one of the most accurate time and frequency standards, and serve as the primary standard for the definition of the second in ...
The expected performance of a single-ion nuclear clock was further investigated in 2012 by Corey Campbell et al. with the result that a systematic frequency uncertainty (accuracy) of the clock of 1.5 × 10 −19 could be achieved, which would be by about an order of magnitude better than the accuracy achieved by the best optical atomic clocks ...
NIST-F1, source of the official time of the United States. NIST-F1 is a cesium fountain clock, a type of atomic clock, in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Boulder, Colorado, and serves as the United States' primary time and frequency standard. The clock took fewer than four years to test and build, and was developed ...
International Atomic Time (abbreviated TAI, from its French name temps atomique international [1]) is a high-precision atomic coordinate time standard based on the notional passage of proper time on Earth's geoid. [2] TAI is a weighted average of the time kept by over 450 atomic clocks in over 80 national laboratories worldwide. [3]
Standard-quality 32 768 Hz resonators of this type are warranted to have a long-term accuracy of about six parts per million (0.0006%) at 31 °C (87.8 °F): that is, a typical quartz clock or wristwatch will gain or lose 15 seconds per 30 days (within a normal temperature range of 5 to 35 °C or 41 to 95 °F) or less than a half second clock ...
In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of time is the second (symbol: s). It has been defined since 1967 as "the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom", and is an SI base unit. [12]