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A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. [2] After invading a host cell's cytoplasm, the virus uses its own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome, the reverse of the usual pattern, thus retro (backward).
Rarely, retroviral integration may occur in a germline cell that goes on to develop into a viable organism. This organism will carry the inserted retroviral genome as an integral part of its own genome—an "endogenous" retrovirus (ERV) that may be inherited by its offspring as a novel allele. Many ERVs have persisted in the genome of their ...
This category is for diseases of humans or other vertebrates caused by fungi. ... Pages in category "Animal fungal diseases" ... Fungal infection; Fungal meningitis;
For example, some protect against infection with related viruses. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] In some mammal groups, including higher primates , retroviral envelope proteins have been exapted to produce a protein that is expressed in the placental syncytiotrophoblast , and is involved in fusion of the cytotrophoblast cells to form the syncytial layer of the ...
The gammaretroviruses can be spread horizontally, animal to animal, or vertically from parent to offspring. [15] Another gammaretrovirus reservoir was discovered in the genome of the bottlenose dolphin. This gammaretrovirus called Tursiops truncates endogenous retrovirus, was thought to be from extant mammalian endogenous gammaretroviruses.
The best example is represented by the case of CHV1 and C. parasitica. [14] Other examples of deleterious effects of mycoviruses are the ‘La France’ disease of A. bisporus [5] [38] and the mushroom diseases caused by Oyster mushroom spherical virus [39] and Oyster mushroom isometric virus. [38] In summary, the main negative effects of ...
Companion animals such as cats, dogs, and horses, if not vaccinated, can catch serious viral infections. Canine parvovirus 2 is caused by a small DNA virus, and infections are often fatal in pups. [12] The emergence of the parvovirus in the 1970s was the most significant in the history of infectious diseases.
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is a species of retrovirus that cause persistent infections in at least 45 species of non-human primates. [1] [2] Based on analysis of strains found in four species of monkeys from Bioko Island, which was isolated from the mainland by rising sea levels about 11,000 years ago, it has been concluded that SIV has been present in monkeys and apes for at least ...