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Literal translation, direct translation, or word-for-word translation is the translation of a text done by translating each word separately without analysing how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. [1] In translation theory, another term for literal translation is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation).
In 1981, Peter Newmark referred to translation as either semantic (word-for-word) or communicative (sense-for-sense). [19] He stated that semantic translation is one that is source language bias, literal and faithful to the source text and communicative translation is target language bias, free and idiomatic. [20]
In translation and semantics, dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence are seen as the main approaches to translation that prioritize either the meaning or literal structure of the source text respectively. The distinction was originally articulated by Eugene Nida in the context of Bible translation.
According to Jeremy Munday's definition of translation, "the process of translation between two different written languages involves the changing of an original written text (the source text or ST) in the original verbal language (the source language or SL) into a written text (the target text or TT) in a different verbal language (the target ...
Metaphrase is a term referring to literal translation, i.e., "word by word and line by line" [1] translation. In everyday usage, metaphrase means literalism; however, metaphrase is also the translation of poetry into prose. [2] Unlike "paraphrase," which has an ordinary use in literature theory, the term "metaphrase" is only used in translation ...
Transcreation is thus a variation on the "imitation" or "adaptation" approach to translation. [20] Similarly, viewed in terms of the continuum between free translation and literal translation, transcreation is considered to be "closest to 'free' on the literal – free cline." [21]
A literal translation tries to remain as close to the original text as possible, without adding the translators' ideas and thoughts into the translation. Thus, the argument goes, the more literal the translation is, the less danger there is of corrupting the original message. This is therefore much more of a word-for-word view of translation.
a free translation, which may be placed in a separate paragraph or on the facing page if the structures of the languages are too different for it to follow the text line by line. As an example, the following Taiwanese Minnan clause has been transcribed with five lines of text: 1. the standard pe̍h-ōe-jī transliteration,