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NAT Port Mapping Protocol (NAT-PMP) is a network protocol for establishing network address translation (NAT) settings and port forwarding configurations automatically without user effort. [1] The protocol automatically determines the external IPv4 address of a NAT gateway, and provides means for an application to communicate the parameters for ...
Services are announced by the hosting system with multicast addressing to a specifically designated IP multicast address at UDP port number 1900. In IPv4, the multicast address is 239.255.255.250 [5] and SSDP over IPv6 uses the address set ff0x::c for all scope ranges indicated by x. [6]
Colourised photo of the Empress of Ireland. On 28 May 1914, Empress of Ireland departed Quebec City for Liverpool at 16:30 local time on 28 May 1914, manned by a crew of 420 and carrying 1,057 passengers, roughly two thirds of her total capacity.
If this source port is already used, PAT assigns the first available port number starting from the beginning of the appropriate port group 0–511, 512–1023, or 1024–65535. When there are no more ports available and there is more than one external IP address configured, PAT moves to the next IP address to try to allocate the original source ...
[6] [7] If a host on an IEEE 802 network cannot obtain a network address via DHCP, an address from 169.254.1.0 to 169.254.254.255 [Note 2] may be assigned pseudorandomly. The standard prescribes that address collisions must be handled gracefully.
A discover request is sent via HTTP and port 1900 to the IPv4 multicast address 239.255.255.250 (for the IPv6 addresses see the Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP)): M-SEARCH * HTTP/1.1 HOST: 239.255.255.250:1900 MAN: "ssdp:discover" MX: 2 ST: urn:schemas-upnp-org:device:InternetGatewayDevice:1
[13] [10]: §4.6 [14]: §4.4.1 Many operating systems issue an ARP announcement during startup. This helps to resolve problems that would otherwise occur if, for example, a network card was recently changed (changing the IP-address-to-MAC-address mapping) and other hosts still have the old mapping in their ARP caches.
Virtual private network (VPN) is a network architecture for virtually extending a private network (i.e. any computer network which is not the public Internet) across one or multiple other networks which are either untrusted (as they are not controlled by the entity aiming to implement the VPN) or need to be isolated (thus making the lower network invisible or not directly usable).