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Other symptoms include skin ulcers, bluish skin, cold skin, or abnormal nail and hair growth in the affected leg. [3] Complications may include an infection or tissue death, which may require amputation; coronary artery disease; or stroke. [4] Up to 50% of people with PAD do not have symptoms. [2] The greatest risk factor for PAD is cigarette ...
Closed-head injuries are caused primarily by vehicular accidents, falls, acts of violence, and sports injuries. [4] Falls account for 35.2% of brain injuries in the United States, with rates highest for children ages 0–4 years and adults ages 75 years and older. [3] Head injuries are more common in men than women across every age group. [3]
Mild brain injury-related factors that increase the risk for persisting post-concussion symptoms include an injury associated with acute headache, dizziness, or nausea; an acute Glasgow Coma Score of 13 or 14; and having another head injury before recovering from the first. [16]
Surgery may be performed to seal a CSF leak that does not stop, to relieve pressure on a cranial nerve or repair injury to a blood vessel. [1] Prophylactic antibiotics do not provide a clinical benefit in preventing meningitis. [2] [3] A basilar skull fracture occurs in about 12% of people with a severe head injury. [1]
Subarachnoid hemorrhage may also occur in people who have had a head injury. Symptoms may include headache, decreased level of consciousness and hemiparesis (weakness of one side of the body). SAH is a frequent occurrence in traumatic brain injury and carries a poor prognosis if it is associated with deterioration in the level of consciousness ...
Symptoms of brain injuries can also be influenced by the location of the injury and as a result, impairments are specific to the part of the brain affected. Lesion size is correlated with severity, recovery, and comprehension. [16] Brain injuries often create impairment or disability that can vary greatly in severity.
A concussion, also known as a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), is a head injury that temporarily affects brain functioning. [8] Symptoms may include headache, dizziness, difficulty with thinking and concentration, sleep disturbances, mood changes, a brief period of memory loss, brief loss of consciousness; problems with balance; nausea; blurred vision; and mood changes.
Chronic subdural bleeds develop over a period of days to weeks, often after minor head trauma, though a cause is not identifiable in 50% of patients. [11] They may not be discovered until they present clinically months or years after a head injury. [25] The bleeding from a chronic hematoma is slow and usually stops by itself.