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Ionic was created by Drifty Co. in 2013. After releasing an alpha version of the framework in November 2013, a 1.0 beta was released in March 2014, a 1.0 final in May 2015, and several 2.0 releases in 2016. [6] Since January 2019, Ionic 4 allows developers to choose other frameworks apart from Angular like React, Vue.js, and web components. [7]
Google introduced Flutter for native app development. Built using Dart, C, C++ and Skia, Flutter is an open-source, multi-platform app UI framework. Prior to Flutter 2.0, developers could only target Android, iOS and the web. Flutter 2.0 released support for macOS, Linux, and Windows as a beta feature. [67]
Flutter is an open-source UI software development kit created by Google.It can be used to develop cross platform applications from a single codebase for the web, [3] Fuchsia, Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, and Windows. [4]
Unit test framework including strict and loose mocks, auto-discovering of tests, suites, BDD-ish style notation, test protected against exceptions, "natural language" output, extensible reporter, learning mocks to discover actual values sent to a mock. CHEAT: Yes: 2012 [41] BSD: Header-only unit testing framework. Multi-platform.
The viewmodel may implement a mediator pattern, organizing access to the back-end logic around the set of use cases supported by the view. MVVM is a variation of Martin Fowler's Presentation Model design pattern. [2] [3] It was invented by Microsoft architects Ken Cooper and Ted Peters specifically to simplify event-driven programming of user ...
In object-oriented programming, the template method is one of the behavioral design patterns identified by Gamma et al. [1] in the book Design Patterns.The template method is a method in a superclass, usually an abstract superclass, and defines the skeleton of an operation in terms of a number of high-level steps.
Responsive web design (RWD) is a Web design approach aimed at crafting the visual layout of sites to provide an optimal viewing experience—easy reading and navigation with a minimum of resizing, panning, and scrolling—across a wide range of devices, from mobile phones to desktop computer monitors. Little or no platform-specific code is used ...
Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software (1994) is a software engineering book describing software design patterns. The book was written by Erich Gamma , Richard Helm , Ralph Johnson , and John Vlissides , with a foreword by Grady Booch .