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An aircraft in flight is free to rotate in three dimensions: yaw, nose left or right about an axis running up and down; pitch, nose up or down about an axis running from wing to wing; and roll, rotation about an axis running from nose to tail. The axes are alternatively designated as vertical, lateral (or transverse), and longitudinal respectively.
In mathematics, a rotation of axes in two dimensions is a mapping from an xy-Cartesian coordinate system to an x′y′-Cartesian coordinate system in which the origin is kept fixed and the x′ and y′ axes are obtained by rotating the x and y axes counterclockwise through an angle .
Yaw angle ψ: angle between north and the projection of the aircraft longitudinal axis onto the horizontal plane; Pitch angle θ: angle between the aircraft longitudinal axis and horizontal; Roll angle φ: rotation around the aircraft longitudinal axis after rotating by yaw and pitch.
For positive y- and z-axis, we have to face two different conventions: In case of land vehicles like cars, tanks etc., which use the ENU-system (East-North-Up) as external reference (World frame), the vehicle's (body's) positive y- or pitch axis always points to its left, and the positive z- or yaw axis always points up. World frame's origin is ...
The longitudinal axis passes through the aircraft from nose to tail. Rotation about this axis is called roll. [3] The angular displacement about this axis is called bank. [4] The pilot changes bank angle by increasing the lift on one wing and decreasing it on the other. This differential lift causes rotation around the longitudinal axis.
Longitudinal axis may refer to: In anatomy, going from head to tail; see Anatomical terms of location § Axes; In aviation, nose to tail of a plane; see Aircraft principal axes § Longitudinal axis (roll) In geography, an imaginary line passing through the centroid of the cross sections along the long axis of an object
The axis is variously called the cylindrical or longitudinal axis, to differentiate it from the polar axis, which is the ray that lies in the reference plane, starting at the origin and pointing in the reference direction. Other directions perpendicular to the longitudinal axis are called radial lines.
In watercraft, roll is the rotation around the ships longitudinal (front-back or bow-stern) axis. Heel refers to an offset from normal on this axis that is intentional or expected, as caused by wind pressure on sails, turning, or other crew actions.