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Muscle pain [11] Itching [11] Bone deformation; Bone fracture [12] The broader concept of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) [1] is not only associated with fractures but also with cardiovascular calcification, poor quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality in CKD patients (the so-called bone-vascular axis). [13]
A compression fracture is a collapse of a vertebra. It may be due to trauma or due to a weakening of the vertebra (compare with burst fracture ). This weakening is seen in patients with osteoporosis or osteogenesis imperfecta , lytic lesions from metastatic or primary tumors , [ 1 ] or infection. [ 2 ]
Common infectious causes of back pain include osteomyelitis, septic discitis, paraspinal abscess and epidural abscess. [19] Infectious causes that lead to back pain involve various structures surrounding the spine. [27] Osteomyelitis is the bacterial infection of the bone. Vertebral osteomyelitis is most commonly caused by staphylococci. [19]
The most common causes of cord compression are tumors, but abscesses and granulomas (e.g. in tuberculosis) are equally capable of producing the syndrome. Tumors that commonly cause cord compression are lung cancer (non-small cell type), breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, thyroid cancer, lymphoma and multiple myeloma.
Management of low back pain depends on which of the three general categories is the cause: mechanical problems, non-mechanical problems, or referred pain. [61] For acute pain that is causing only mild to moderate problems, the goals are to restore normal function, return the individual to work, and minimize pain.
Holdsworth fracture – an unstable fracture dislocation of the thoraco lumbar junction of the spine; Distraction is where there is a pulling apart of the vertebrae. [2] Distraction injuries generally cause breaks in osseous and ligamentous supporting structures, and are therefore generally unstable. [3] A distraction injury on the posterior ...
Nerve compression is a result of poor posture, prolonged computer use is an example of repetitive strain injury which affects the musculoskeletal system. [16] [2] Whiplash injury, whereby the force causes strain to the capsule and ligaments of the apophyseal joints of the cervical spine. [7]
Common causes of vertebral fractures include trauma from a direct blow, a compression force resulting in improper or excessive axial loading, and hyper-flexion or hyper-extension. [10] Vertebral fractures in children or elderly individuals can be related to the development or health of their spine.