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Ether on sn-1, ester on sn-2: "ether lipids" in the context of bacteria and eukaryotes refer to this class of lipids. Compared to the usual 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (DAG), the sn-1 linkage is replaced with an ester bond.
Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others. The functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes.
The 2,3-sn-glycerol structure and ether bond linkage are two key differences between lipids found in archaea vs those of bacteria and eukarya.The latter use 1,2-sn-glycerol, and mostly, ester bonds. [2]
Example of an ethanolamine plasmalogen with the characteristic vinyl ether linkage at the sn-1 position and an ester linkage at the sn-2 position. Plasmalogens are a class of glycerophospholipid with a plasmenyl group linked to a lipid at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone.
Bottom: 9, lipid bilayer of bacteria and eukaryotes; 10, lipid monolayer of some archaea. Glycerophospholipids or phosphoglycerides are glycerol-based phospholipids. They are the main component of biological membranes in eukaryotic cells. They are a type of lipid, of which its composition affects membrane structure and properties. [1]
Lipid Numbers Propionic acid: Propanoic acid CH 3 CH 2 COOH C3:0 Butyric acid: Butanoic acid CH 3 (CH 2) 2 COOH C4:0 Valeric acid: Pentanoic acid CH 3 (CH 2) 3 COOH C5:0 Caproic acid: Hexanoic acid CH 3 (CH 2) 4 COOH C6:0 Enanthic acid: Heptanoic acid CH 3 (CH 2) 5 COOH C7:0 Caprylic acid: Octanoic acid CH 3 (CH 2) 6 COOH C8:0 Pelargonic acid ...
Caldarchaeol is a membrane-spanning lipid of the glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether class. It is found in hyperthermophilic archaea.Membranes made up of caldarchaeol are more stable since the hydrophobic chains are linked together, allowing the microorganisms to withstand high temperatures.
Isoprenoid GDGTs originate as archaeal membrane lipids, whose fatty acids are converted to glycerol via esterification (ether lipid). [1] They were first recognized as being associated with extremophilic archaea, [2] but research in recent decades has discovered the compounds in a wide range of mesophilic environments as well, including soils, lake sediment, and marine deposits. [1]