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Historically, an order of battle was the order in which troops were positioned relative to the position of the army commander or the chronological order in which ships were deployed in naval situations. As combat operations develop during a campaign, orders of battle may be revised and altered in response to the military needs and challenges.
This is a list of orders of battle, which list the known military units that were located within the field of operations for a battle or campaign. The battles are listed in chronological order by starting date (or planned start date).
The order of battle presented here reflects a point near the end of the campaign. As with any large army organization in extended combat, forces and their assignments shifted over the course of the battle. For example, when the German attack began on 16 December, the US 7th Armored Division was assigned to XIII Corps, US Ninth Army, 12th Army ...
An order of battle is not necessarily a set structure, and it can change depending on tactical or strategic developments, or the evolution of military doctrine. For example, a division could be altered radically from one campaign to another through the adding or removing of subunits, but retain its identity and prior history.
Operation Badr (1973) order of battle; Operation Savannah (Angola) order of battle: South Africa; Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation order of battle: Commonwealth; Iran–Iraq War order of battle; Western Libya campaign order of battle; Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) order of battle: Ottoman Navy
Despite the name, an order of battle is not limited to single battle situations, but can also represent the involvement of armed forces in larger campaigns or theatres of war. Orders of battle are structured depending on the units involved. For example, an army will normally consist of a command unit plus infantry, cavalry and artillery formations.
The Battle of Long Island, August 27, 1776, was a significant British victory in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War over American forces under the command of General George Washington, and the opening battle in a successful British campaign to gain control of New York City in 1776.
Commanding officers usually are empowered to respond to the battlefield situation as it develops. Such concepts as "sailing order" and "battle order" are constructs. In a column of ships sailing anywhere the first ship forward was Number 1, the second, Number 2, etc. The battle order was based on planned order of attack.