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Optical microscope image showing a pinoid pit, characteristic microscopic feature of Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia) wood in the cross-field area In botanical terminology, softwoods are sourced from gymnosperms , primarily conifers , whereas hardwoods originate from angiosperms, specifically flowering plants.
InsideWood is an online resource and database for wood anatomy, serving as a reference, research, and teaching tool. Wood anatomy is a sub-area within the discipline of wood science. [1] [2] This freely accessible database is purely scientific and noncommercial.
The microscopic structure of conifer wood consists of two types of cells: parenchyma, which have an oval or polyhedral shape with approximately identical dimensions in three directions, and strongly elongated tracheids. Tracheids make up more than 90% of timber volume.
Secondary growth thickens the stem and roots, typically making them woody.Obstructions such as this metal post and stubs of limbs can be engulfed. In botany, secondary growth is the growth that results from cell division in the cambia or lateral meristems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken, while primary growth is growth that occurs as a result of cell division at the tips of stems ...
1980: Wood Identification: An Annotated Bibliography [9] 1981 (August, reprinted March 2013): New Perspectives in Wood Anatomy: Published on the Occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the International Association of Wood Anatomists [10] 1989: IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification [11] 1994: Directory of Members [12]
Pinidae (Pinophyta, [18] [28] conifers 70, 600) The term Pinophyta has also been used to include all conifers, extinct and extant, with Pinales representing all the extant conifers. [29] Christenhusz and colleagues extended the system of Chase and Reveal [19] to provide a revised classification of gymnosperms in 2011, based on the above four ...
Wood biology, a subset of wood science which focuses on the formation, structure and composition of wood tissues. It involves investigations conducted at the macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular levels. Additionally, this sub-field encompasses wood anatomy which involves the (macroscopic - microscopic) identification of various wood species ...
For example, balsa wood, which is a hardwood, is softer than most softwoods, whereas the longleaf pine, Douglas fir, and yew softwoods are much harder than several hardwoods. [ citation needed ] Several specific natural, macroscopic and microscopic features of wood are used in the identification process of a softwood species.