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In contrast, loop quantum gravity, like general relativity, is manifestly background independent, eliminating the background required in string theory. Loop quantum gravity, like string theory, also aims to overcome the nonrenormalizable divergences of quantum field theories.
In string theory, the strings may be open (forming a segment with two endpoints) or closed (forming a loop like a circle) and may have other special properties. [1] Prior to 1995, there were five known versions of string theory incorporating the idea of supersymmetry (these five are known as superstring theories) and two versions without supersymmetry known as bosonic string theories, which ...
String theory is a theoretical framework that attempts to address these questions. The starting point for string theory is the idea that the point-like particles of particle physics can also be modeled as one-dimensional objects called strings. String theory describes how strings propagate through space and interact with each other.
In a given version of string theory, there is only one kind of string, which may look like a small loop or segment of ordinary string, and it can vibrate in different ways. On distance scales larger than the string scale, a string will look just like an ordinary particle, with its mass , charge , and other properties determined by the ...
Mathematically, the theory is modelled after Bernhard Riemann's metric geometry, but the Lorentz group of spacetime symmetries (an essential ingredient of Einstein's own theory of special relativity) replaces the group of rotational symmetries of space. (Later, loop quantum gravity inherited this geometric interpretation of gravity, and posits ...
A loop is universally flexible if every one of its loop isotopes is flexible, that is, satisfies (xy)x = x(yx). A loop is middle Bol if every one of its loop isotopes has the antiautomorphic inverse property, that is, satisfies (xy) −1 = y −1 x −1. Is there a finite, universally flexible loop that is not middle Bol?
Invisible string theory is the idea that you and your soulmate are "connected through an invisible string or a thread" and it's "written in the universe" that you’ll be together one day, says ...
This is true for string theory as well, but in string theory it is often more intuitive to understand why the non-physical states should be disposed of. The simplest example is the photon: a photon is a vector particle (it has an inner "arrow" which points to some direction, its polarization). Mathematically, it can point towards any direction ...