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Hemolymph fills all of the interior (the hemocoel) of the animal's body and surrounds all cells. It contains hemocyanin, a copper-based protein that turns blue when oxygenated, instead of the iron-based hemoglobin in red blood cells found in vertebrates, giving hemolymph a blue-green color rather than the red color of vertebrate blood. When not ...
A flame cell is a specialized excretory cell found in simple invertebrates, including flatworms (Platyhelminthes), rotifers and nemerteans; these are the simplest animals to have a dedicated excretory system. Flame cells function like a kidney, removing waste materials. Bundles of flame cells are called protonephridia. [1]
The arm–leg (blood pressure) gradient is the difference between the blood pressure measured in the arms and that measured in the legs. It is normally less than 10 mm Hg, [36] but may be increased in e.g. coarctation of the aorta. [36]
Normal body temperature is around 37°C (98.6°F), and hypothermia sets in when the core body temperature gets lower than 35 °C (95 °F). [2] Usually caused by prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, hypothermia is usually treated by methods that attempt to raise the body temperature back to a normal range. [3]
The brain can regulate blood flow over a range of blood pressure values by vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the arteries. [57] High pressure receptors called baroreceptors in the walls of the aortic arch and carotid sinus (at the beginning of the internal carotid artery) monitor the arterial blood pressure. [58]
Cold-blooded is an informal term for one or more of a group of characteristics that determine an animal's thermophysiology. These include: Ectothermy, controlling body temperature through external processes, such as by basking in the sun; Poikilothermy, the ability of an organism to function over a wide internal temperature range
The rete mirabile utilizes countercurrent blood flow within the net (blood flowing in opposite directions) to act as a countercurrent exchanger. It exchanges heat , ions , or gases between vessel walls so that the two bloodstreams within the rete maintain a gradient with respect to temperature , or concentration of gases or solutes .
The common frog is a poikilotherm and is able to function over a wide range of body core temperatures.. A poikilotherm (/ ˈ p ɔɪ k ə l ə ˌ θ ɜːr m, p ɔɪ ˈ k ɪ l ə ˌ θ ɜːr m /) is an animal (Greek poikilos – 'various', 'spotted', and therme – 'heat') whose internal temperature varies considerably.