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In India, anthropologists now more often speak of 'sub-castes' or Jatis, as the building blocks of society [rather than castes]. However, unless there is a strong element of political control or territoriality associated with such groups these too tend to disintegrate upon closer inspection as soon as essentially exogamous practices such as ...
[1] [8] [9] The British Raj furthered the system, through census classifications and preferential treatment to Christians and people belonging to certain castes. [8] Social unrest during the 1920s led to a change in this policy towards affirmative action. [10] [11] [12] Today, there are around 3,000 castes and 25,000 sub-castes in India. [13]
The other castes were similarly further sub-classified by 19th-century and early-20th-century ethnographers based on numerous criteria ranging from profession, endogamy or exogamy or polygamy, and a host of other factors in a manner similar to castas in Spanish colonies such as Mexico, and caste system studies in British colonies such as India ...
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A unitary state is a state governed as a single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme and any administrative divisions (sub-national units) exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate. The majority of states in the world have a unitary system of government.
The British institutionalised caste into the workings of the major government institutions within India. The main benefactors of this indirect rule were the upper castes or forward castes, which maintained their hegemony and monopoly of control and influence over government institutes long after independence from the British.
Caste systems in Africa are a form of social stratification found in numerous ethnic groups, found in over fifteen countries, particularly in the Sahel, West Africa, and North Africa. [1] These caste systems feature endogamy, hierarchical status, inherited occupation, membership by birth, pollution concepts and restraints on commensality. [2]
Today, the Lingayat community is a blend of various castes, consisting of OBC [120] [121] and SC. [122] Currently, 16 castes of Lingayats have been accorded the OBC status by the Central Government. [121] According to one of the estimates by a Lingayat politician around 7 per cent of people in Lingayat community come under SC and STs. [122]