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In string theory, spacetime is ten-dimensional (nine spatial dimensions, and one time dimension), while in M-theory it is eleven-dimensional (ten spatial dimensions, and one time dimension). In order to describe real physical phenomena using these theories, one must therefore imagine scenarios in which these extra dimensions would not be ...
M-theory aims to unify quantum mechanics with general relativity's gravitational force in a mathematically consistent way. In comparison, other theories such as loop quantum gravity are considered by physicists and researchers to be less elegant, because they posit gravity to be completely different from forces such as the electromagnetic force.
While eleven-dimensional supergravity is the unique supergravity in eleven dimensions at the level of an action, a related theory can be acquired at the level of the equations of motion, known as modified 11D supergravity. [nb 9] This is done by replacing the spin connection by one that is conformally related to the original. [14]
11-dimensional supergravity, a field theory that combines the principles of supersymmetry and general relativity. 11-dimensional spacetime, which appears in M-theory, a proposed "master theory" that unifies the five superstring theories Introduction to M-theory "11th Dimension" (song), by Julian Casablancas, 2009
Superstring theory is not the first theory to propose extra spatial dimensions. It can be seen as building upon the Kaluza–Klein theory , which proposed a 4+1 dimensional (5D) theory of gravity. When compactified on a circle, the gravity in the extra dimension precisely describes electromagnetism from the perspective of the 3 remaining large ...
Furthermore, he argued that M-theory's long wavelength limit, i.e. when the quantum wavelength associated to objects in the theory appear much larger than the size of the 11th dimension, needs 11-dimensional supergravity descriptors that fell out of favor with the first superstring revolution 10 years earlier, accompanied by the 2- and 5-branes.
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Some other two time theories describe low-energy behavior, such as Cumrun Vafa's F-theory that is also formulated with the help of 12 dimensions. F-theory itself however is not a two-time theory. One can understand 2 of the 12-dimensions of F-theory as a bookkeeping device; they should not be confused with the other 10 spacetime coordinates.