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Tricyclic antidepressants reduce PHN pain, but their use is limited by side effects. [2] Opioid medications are not generally recommended for treatment except in specific circumstances. Such cases should involve a pain specialist in patient care due to mixed evidence of efficacy and concerns about potential for abuse and addiction .
Ketorolac, sold under the brand name Toradol, Acular and Sprix, among others, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain. [3] [4] Specifically it is recommended for moderate to severe pain. [5]
Shingles, also known as herpes zoster or zona, [6] is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a localized area. [2] [7] Typically the rash occurs in a single, wide mark either on the left or right side of the body or face. [1] Two to four days before the rash occurs there may be tingling or local pain in the area.
Meclofenoxate is considered to be safe and high in tolerability.However, possible side effects may include, rarely, insomnia, dizziness, restlessness, muscle tremor, depression, nausea, muscle tension, and headache; these side effects may be due to overdosage and may indicate the need for the dosage to be reduced.
Aciclovir risks causing resistance to antiviral agents, and in 1% to 10% of cases can cause unpleasant side effects. [19] Aciclovir taken by mouth does not appear to decrease the risk of pain after shingles. [20] In those with herpes of the eye, aciclovir may be more effective and safer than idoxuridine. [21]
Valaciclovir, also spelled valacyclovir, is an antiviral medication used to treat outbreaks of herpes simplex or herpes zoster (shingles). [2] It is also used to prevent cytomegalovirus following a kidney transplant in high risk cases. [2] It is taken by mouth. [2] Common side effects include headache and vomiting. [2]
High potassium levels can be life-threatening, and respond to increased urine production and renal replacement therapy (see below). [12] Temporary measures include the administration of calcium to protect against cardiac complications, insulin or salbutamol to redistribute potassium into cells, and infusions of bicarbonate solution.
The drug was developed by FibroGen, in partnership with AstraZeneca. The most common side effects include hypertension (high blood pressure), vascular access thrombosis (formation of blood clots in the blood vessels associated with dialysis), diarrhea , peripheral edema (swelling especially of the ankles and feet), hyperkalemia (high blood ...